In this lesson, we’ll take a look at how global stock exchanges facilitate billions of dollars’ worth of stock trades each day – and how you can take part in the equities markets.

• Where are stocks traded?
• What are stockbrokers?
• How do companies list on stock exchanges?
• Ticker symbols
• Market caps
• What affects the price of a stock?

Where are stocks traded?

Stocks are traded on stock exchanges during market hours: markets that are built specifically to handle the buying and selling of equities. Almost every country on the planet has a stock exchange for public companies, and some have multiple.

Stock exchanges are not open 24 hours a day. So, you can only buy and sell stocks when the exchange that they’re listed on is open.

List of major stock exchanges

A few notable stock exchanges include:

NYSE

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the biggest in the world by the value of the companies listed on it, which are worth over $30 trillion. Founded in 1792, notable stocks on the NYSE include Coca-Cola, Goldman Sachs and Walmart.

NASDAQ

Also located in New York, the NASDAQ is the second biggest stock exchange in the world. Founded in the 1970s to facilitate electronic trading, today it is the home of some the world’s most valuable tech companies: including Apple, Microsoft and Amazon.

Tokyo Stock Exchange

The TSE is Japan’s primary stock exchange, and the biggest in Asia. Nintendo, Softbank and Honda are all listed on it. 

London Stock Exchange

The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is around 450 years old, making it one of the most venerable in the world.

What are stockbrokers?

Stockbrokers are companies that invest in stocks on their client’s behalf. Stock exchanges have rules on who can use them to buy and sell stocks directly. For most individual investors, that means using a broker.

There are three main types of stockbrokers. Execution-only means they only act on your instruction; advisory means they may recommend specific trades and discretionary means they’ll execute trades without any input from you.

How do companies list on stock exchanges?

When a private company decides to list and go public, they’ll join a stock exchange in a process known as an Initial Public Offering (IPO). This is when a company’s stock is first issued. Markets often get excited by IPOs, as this is the first time retail investors can take their view on a company.

Public companies are subject to more regulations than private ones, so preparing for an IPO can take some time. Once a business is ready to list, they’ll typically offer their stock at a set price and investors can apply to buy shares. Then once the listing is complete, shares in the company can be bought and sold as normal.

Ticker symbols

You will often see prices for listed shares in the form of tickers. Stock ticker symbols are a short-hand way of writing the names of stocks when listing prices, usually consisting of the exchange a company is listed on followed by a few letters to designate its trading name. The ticker symbol for Apple, for instance, is NASDAQ: AAPL. Lloyds Banking Group’s, meanwhile, is LSE: LLOY.

What affects the price of a stock?

Stock prices are constantly moving as demand fluctuates for different economies, industries and companies. Here are a few factors that are likely to cause stock market volatility:

Earnings

Listed companies must report their revenue, profit and more on a regular basis – usually quarterly, with an in-depth report once a year. Investors will go through these releases in detail, looking to discover how a company is performing now, and how it might perform in the coming years.

News about a company

Positive or negative headlines surrounding a company will often play out on its share price. New product announcements, changes in management or scandals can all cause demand to rise or fall. Volkswagen’s emissions scandal in 2015, for example, hurt its stock price significantly.

External factors

News regarding a company’s economy, industry, peers, and trading conditions can all affect demand and therefore its share price. In fact, stocks in each industry often perform similarly, as they react to the same headlines.

Corporate actions

The life of a big company is rarely smooth, and there are a number of important events that affect the price of their shares. These can include:

• Mergers between companies or the acquisition of one company by another
• Directors’ dealings – when directors buy or sell their own shares in the company
• Rights issues – when companies issue more shares to the market to raise money
• Share buy-backs – when a company starts buying up its own shares
• Special dividends – a dividend paid out by companies when they are feeling particularly cash-rich
• Share splits – when a company splits stocks into smaller ones (often because they are becoming too expensive)